In Anglo-Saxon Literature And Most Likely In Anglo-Saxon Times, Men We

In Anglo-Saxon literature and most likely in Anglo-Saxon times, men were measured by many of the same aspects of life that men are measured by today's standards. Men of that time period were godless, fearless, fame seeking and most of all, courageous. Everyone was in search of these qualities and they achieved them by completing daring deeds, withstanding harsh conditions and they loved beating the odds. These qualities still live on in us. Beowulf not only killed a terrifying monster, the monster's mother and also killed a huge dragon too, achieving fame and showing kingdoms how much strength, courage and fearlessness he had. It also seemed that heros of that time had to boast about their deeds to other kingdoms and villages. Acquiring such qualities lead to boasting. People love to boast when they have beat the odds and have shown the world their will-power. Boasting when drunk is still very existent is every part of the world like it was part of the Anglo-Saxons culture. In Beowul f, when Beowulf greets Hrothgar, he says, Hail, Hrothgar! I am kinsman and thane of Hygelac. In my youth I have set about many brave deeds (*) How many times have you introduced yourself to someone and say, When I was younger, I accomplished many great things? It wasn't enough for a man to show just his people of his accomplishments, he had to make it know for everybody to see. The same can be said about our us today. If someone has acquired lots of money through his accomplishments; he/she lets everyone know by buying expensive cars, houses, jewelry etc to state their success. In the Wanderer, the author says, Men eager for honor bury sorrow deep in their breast. (Wanderer, lines 16 & 17) In most Anglo Saxon literaure, this macho is present. The wanderer also states, No man is living....to whom I fully unlock my heart. (Wanderer, lines 10 he will bear away my bloodyt

Multimedia and Mass Storage Installation Essay Example

Multimedia and Mass Storage Installation Essay Example Multimedia and Mass Storage Installation Essay Multimedia and Mass Storage Installation Essay How can the computers we use every day affect the environment and the people that use them? There are both positive and negative repercussions from using computers in our everyday lives. The computers that we rely on in our daily lives can be dangerous. We nave to De cutlass AT now computers are supposes AT when teen have reached the end of their life cycles. Some of the positive effects of computers on the environment are that we as a society are using less paper and killing fewer trees. We are saving gas by not having to run to the store to purchase items since people can order things online. This is done on the computer from the privacy of your own home. With computers we are able to measure the changes in the atmosphere and the effects of global warming. Negatively, computers that have been disposed of improperly can lead to harm. Computers have lead in the solder that holds the components in place. This solder can break down over time and seep into the earth and water systems. Lead is poisonous, toxic, and can harm all things that come in contact with it, including plants, animals, and humans. Other elements that are found in computers are mercury, chromium, and nickel. Computers and their components are not biodegradable so they will remain forever as a pollutant to society. Computers continue to be replaced because people want newer and faster. They will continue to fill out landfills and cause harm to everything until we realize that these systems can be recycled and dispose of properly. Obsolete computers can be recycled at electronic stores that accept them. Consumers are able to send unwanted computers back to the manufacturer to have them refurbished and sold again as such. Computes can be donated to organizations that will provide them to families who cannot afford one on their own. There are stores like Busty who offer a computer buyback option when you purchase a new computer from them. Within two years of the original purchase of a new computer Busty will purchase your old computer in exchange for a purchase of a new computer. Busty will the properly recycle your old computer in a manner that will not pose any environmental concerns. By doing this there is no longer a threat of the toxins getting into our earth or water systems. Power Supply Protection Computers cannot handle the constant power changes. It will ultimately lead to failure in your computers power supply. There are a few way to protect your computer so this does not happen to you. A computer power supply has to make up for several things when it comes to the computer power. This includes blackouts, brownouts, surges, sags, and spikes. A blackout is when the power goes out completely and does not turn back on. This is the worst thing that can happen to an individuals power at home. An uninterruptible power supply or UPS is an online device that is constantly providing battery power to the computer and being recharged by the wall outlet, Peach. Com. Since blackouts do not occur all that often, there are other devices to protect your imputer from power surges and spikes. These devices are in the form of surge protectors. Common surge protectors can protect your computer from the fore mentioned power related issues. A surge protector can protect multiple devices at the same time from the increase of power that enters your house by regulating the power that goes to your computer. If the power is too much the surge protector shuts off the power to the devices and protects them from harm. To protect your computer from under power situations a line conditioner would be recommended. I Nils would De good Tort noses Tanat nave older willing or noses Tanat eave a lot of devices on and the power fluctuates and the lights tend to dim. The line conditioner will help reduce and remove interference from the electrical lines. This will help to make sure that the computer receives the right amount of power at all times. Computers have to have a certain amount of power in order to operate them correctly. You have to protect that power supply from outside influences that can harm the computers power supply. In doing so, you can save a lot of money and headache in the future by not having to replace the power supply. Investing in protection for your computer is a wise choice. Downloading Unauthorized Software At one point or another in our lives, we have all downloaded software or files for free from the internet. There are many risks that you are taking in doing this. There are so many ways that a persons computer malfunctions and downloading software can only be one of them. One of the first risks that I am going to discuss is the possibility of introducing viruses into your computer. A virus can be made to delete files, share information when you are online, and destroy computer parts. Viruses hidden in software will do whatever they were built to do. They can easily harm the computer and make it impossible to use. Downloading programs can cause other issues beside the viruses. Installing programs for the internet that you have downloaded can slow the computer and the program that down you are trying to run. This means that the program does not respond right when trying to execute commands. Slow running programs can cause the computer to crash or freeze up, making the user have to force a reboot. Installing this program can help resolve this issue. It is illegal to download software that you do not have a license to download. If a person is caught they could be facing fines, penalties, and possible Jail time. This charge would include software piracy. Not everyone is caught and the consequences could result harmful to yourself financially, and harmful to your computer. If you are downloading unauthorized software at work on a work computer you could face being removed from you Job. You are opening up the business to potential threats from outside the company. Secrets that are contained on computers are now vulnerable. If this information gets out you could destroy the company. Most companies have policies in place and administrative restrictions that prevent this from happening but they are not completely secure. While there is all sorts of software available for download on the internet, it would be ill advised to download it. You never know what you are going to get besides the software. Some of these programs can hide viruses so well that your anti-virus software cannot detect them until it is too late. The easiest way to prevent these issues is to not download anything that you do not know where it came from. Section Two Tower Dust, Heat, and Static There are a few natural things that can harm the computer and these include dust, heat, and static. These are all things that happen inside you desktop computer. Cleaning ten Insole AT your computer Is Just as Important as cleaning ten outside your computer. You will have to open the case by removing the screws that hold it in place in order to do this. Locate the two or four screws on the back of your computer that hold the case on. You need to shut the power off and unplug the power supply to the computer before you begin removing screws. Once the screws have been removed slide the case off of the computer. You need to use your anti-static bracelet so you do not harm your computer while it is open. You r computer could look like this inside of it. Figure 1 Inside a dirty computer. If the inside of your computer looks like this you need to spend some time and clean it out. All of the dust on the fans and parts will not allow the computer to cool properly. This will lead to the computer overheating. This will kill the computer and you will have to replace it or a lot of the components because of the overheating ruining the computer parts. The easiest way to clean the inside of your computer is with a can of compressed air that can be purchased at many superstores. With this method of cleaning the inside of the computer the purpose is to touch the parts of the computer as little as Seibel. You will have a mess to clean up after you are done blowing the computer out. Another method used to clean the inside of the computer is with a cloth designed for cleaning the computer. Micro-fiber and cotton cloths would be anti-static and not harm you r computer. You would simply then wipe down all of the surfaces inside the computer removing all of the dust. This method requires less clean up from around the computer after you are done cleaning the inside of the computer. Keyboard Cleaning Keeping your keyboard clean will help so that your keys function properly and do tot stick down. This is very aggravating when you are trying to type something and you have hard to push keys or keys the do not come back up after you press them. This is why the keyboard needs to be cleaned from time to time. One of the first things you need to do is to unhook you keyboard from the computer, if it is a wired keyboard. You will then turn the keyboard upside down and shake it to remove any loose particles from inside the keyboard. While holding the keyboard upside down you can also use a can of compressed air to spray between the keys and remove particles from there. To clean the around the keys, you can use rubbing alcohol and a q-tip or cotton swab to dissolve any liquids that have been spilt inside your keyboard. Use caution with this though, it could discord your keyboard if it is too strong. Test the strength of the alcohol on the back of the computer keyboard or another place where it will not be noticed easily. After you have tested the alcohol for disconsolation, you can use a cloth or cotton swabs to wipe the keys of the keyboard. You really want to focus on frequently used keys like the shift key, enter key, and the space bar to get them clean. Once you have he keys cleaned to satisfaction you can wipe down the rest of the keyboard. If you are using a wired keyboard you will need to plug it back in to the computer tower. Your Karaoke wall stay Tunneling properly IT you take ten relent steps to Keep it clean. It will also have less germs and appear brand new for years to come. When you own or work on a computer you know the frustration that you experience when it does not work properly. Imagine if it is caused by something getting spilled in the keyboard. A general rule to follow is to not eat or drink while using your computer. Mouse Cleaning The first thing that you need to do when it comes to cleaning you mouse it to unplug it from the computer. If you are using a wireless mouse, you want to remove the devices batteries before proceeding with the cleaning. This will prevent any static electricity from traveling into the computer tower and damaging the computer. The mouse is what we use to navigate the computer. Without the mouse working with a computer is hard to do. You can start by wiping your mouse surfaces off with disinfecting wipes. You have to make sure they are not overly wet because any moisture that enters the inside of he mouse can damage it and make it not work when you plug it back in. You never want to spray any fluids directly on the mouse for the same reason. Clean the top of your mouse focusing on cleaning the cracks and slots on the top. Make sure that you clean the space between the mouse wheel and the buttons of the mouse. If there is debris in the spaces between the wheel and the mouse buttons, turn the mouse upside down and roll the mouse wheel to try to dislodge it. You might have to shake the mouse to get the debris to fall out. While the mouse is upside down you can clean the bottom of the mouse. Use a q- IP to clean out the area where the optical eye (red light) is at on the mouse. Ensure that this area is clean so that the mouse can track the motions properly. If you have an older mouse that has a ball in the bottom of it you will have to remove the ring around the ball. There are arrows on the bottom of the mouse so you know which way to turn the disk. Once you have the disk out of the bottom you can remove the ball from the mouse. You will see a couple of rollers inside of it. Clean these rollers off with a q-tip so that there is nothing left on them. You will then want to clean the ball itself off with a rag of some sort. Once you have done this you can drop the ball back into the bottom of the mouse. You will then replace the retaining ring to hold the ball in place. You can then plug the mouse back in to the computer or put the batteries back in it and turn it on. The mouse is then clean and ready to use again. Cleaning Your Monitor If you need to clean your dirty monitor or display you have to take care if it is a LED or LCD screen. The older CRT screens are glass and can be cleaned in the same manner you would clean any other glass around your house. The LCD and LED screens are more sensitive and can be easily damaged if you do not take some precautions. If this is done correctly, it can be done in less than five minutes. You need to start first by shutting the monitor off. This allows you to see the dirt easier, especially if the screen is dark in color. You will need a soft cloth like a microfiche cloth or something you would use to clean eye glasses. You ay not want to puss Nora on ten moonlit Decease tens can damage ten pixels and cause them to burn out. This is not an issue with the CRT monitors or screens that are designed to be touched. You still have to press with caution on these devices though. If the simple cloth is not cutting the oil and dirt on the monitor you can dampen he cloth with a distilled water and white vinegar mix. This mix should be equal amounts of water and vinegar to prevent streaks. The vinegar will help cut the tough oil spots on most of your devices. Companies have made special cleaner that are for use with LCD and LED screens. If you do not want to go out and buy this special cleaner the water vinegar mix works just as well. Do not use products that contain ammonia in them because this can damage your screen. Ammonia can discord the screen and cause permanent damage. Do not use toilet paper or paper towels on you monitor. This can scratch the trials that are on the monitor that give it the anti-glare feature. Once this special coating is gone it cannot be replace. Your monitors picture will also look different if this coating is scratched. It could even be distorted looking if you Just scratch areas of the screen. Section Three Hardware Replacement First Step: The first thing that you want to do is unplug the power supply and all of the cords connected to the back of your computer. Then you will need to have enough space on a desk of table to set the computer tower. You will then remove the access panel to access the inside of your computer. Once this is done you will need a camera. This is so that you can take photos of the inside of your computer. You will also need sticky notes or masking tape so you can label the wires inside the computer and what they are connected to. According to B. Rankin 2005-2012, Label everything as you unplug it so you know where things are to be plugged back in later. Take photos of this as well. These photos will serve as a visual reference when you get to reassembling your computer. Second Step: You want to ground yourself so that you do not cause any static charge to affect the components of the computer. You can do this with an antistatic wrist strap of by touching the metal case. A static discharge can make components not work any longer. Third Step: You now have to remove all of the components inside of your computer tower. Get a little container you can put all of the screws you remove from the components in so you do not lose them. Start by removing all of the cards that are attached to the mother board. This could include a sound card, video card, and memory cards. Place these parts on a clean static free surface. Fourth step: Detach all of the cables and ribbons that are attached to the motherboard and the there devices in the computer. There are usually tabs on the sides of these cords, when squeezed they will be released from where they are plugged in at. There should not be much resistance from the cords and unplugging them. Step Five: Remove the hard drive, optical drives, and anything else that will interfere with the removal of the motherboard. Set these components off to the side on a static free area as well. You will then have the motherboard completely exposed for removal. Step Six: Find the six or nine screws that attach the motherboard to the case. You will need to remove these screws and put them up for safe keeping. Place the old motherboard in the antistatic bag that the new motherboard came in for safe keeping. Install the new 1/0 panel in the case. According to bankbooks. Com, New motherboards should always ship with their own 1/0 shield, but with a second-hand replacement like were using here, you have to make due. Step Seven: Prior to installing the new motherboard in the case, install the processor, cooling fan, and memory in the new motherboard. Once you have done this, install the motherboard back into the case and secure it with the screws that you saved from the old motherboard. You are now ready to reassemble the other components of the imputer in the case. Refer back to the photos that you took in step one for proper location of the components. Power Supply Replacement When replacing a computers power supply you have to insure that you are getting the right one for you system. You have to select the right form factor or style of your computers motherboard. You also have to ensure that the new power supply has all of the plugs that you need to power your computer. You have determined that you have a power supply and it meets your systems requirements, now it is time to start replacing the US. The first thing that you want to do is unplug it from the power source. Once you have completed this you will need to open the side of the computer case to expose the internal components. The US is located to the back top of the case. You will need to label all of the wires that are coming off of the US so that you have them for reference later. Take photos of the wiring before you begin. This will save you some frustration in the end. Once this is done unplug all of the wires that are leading out of the power supply into the main board. You will then locate the mounting screws on the outside back of the case. You will remove all of the screws that hold it in place and carefully remove the US from the case. Make sure that you do not hit any of the other components inside the case while removing it. Once you have the old US out of the case you can mount the new US in the case. You will then hook up all of the new wires referring back to your photos for reference if you need to. Close your case up and you are done. Plug ten computer Dick In to ten outlet Ana turn It on. IT ten computer powers up Ana comes on you have completed the upgrade correctly. If it does not come on you will need to unplug it and open the case again to make sure that everything is plugged in correctly. Without power going to your computer you do not have a computer Just a rage paper weight. Processor Replacement When replacing a processor for any computer you need to do it with caution. There are several steps that you should follow in order to replace it successfully. If you do something wrong you could destroy your new processor and render it useless. You will then have to purchase another processor and start over again. To begin, you will prepare your computer tower for the upgrade. Shut off the computer until all of the lights shut off and all of the fans have stopped running inside the computer tower. Once you have it shut down you need to unplug the computer from the power source. Then according to Andrews, J, 2009, press the power button to drain the system of power. Once this is done, you can proceed with removing the case of the computer. Read and follow all of the manufactures directions for installing the processor. Finally, use a grounding bracelet to protect your computer and components from and static charges. Figure 1 Intel Core 17 Processor 920 and socket LEGALLY Courtesy: Course Technology/Coinage Learning Figure 1 Intel Core 17 Processor 920 and socket LEGALLY Locate the processor in the computer tower and release the socket lever by pushing it down to release it and lift it away from the processor. You will then remove the Processor cover plate by lifting it off of the old processor. You now can see the processor. With you thumb and index finger grab aloud of both sides of the processor and carefully lift it out of the computer. You should place this in the anti- static bag that your new processor came in. Pick up the new processor using the thumb and index fingers on the side of it. Position it over the processor socket. Line up the pins of the socket with the notches on the processor. Figure 2 Corner with fewer pins. Figure 2 Corner with fewer pins. There is one corner that has fewer pins. Use this as a guide for your processor position. Keep the new processor level and lower it into place on the socket on the motherboard. Be careful not to touch the pins of the processor or the socket as you could inadvertently damage them. You would then not be able to use them. The next thing you will do is apply thermal grease evenly to the raised square in the center of the processor, Hewlett Packard, 2012. You will then replace the processor cover and secure it in place with the socket lever. If you have purchased the processor fan to cool it you will locate the four holes in the motherboard around the processor. You will push the fan mounting pins through the holes in the mother board and turn them a quarter turn clockwise to lock the fan in place. Tort remove it in the future you will simply turn the pins counter clockwise. Plug the fan in to your motherboard. You can then replace the case of your computer and plug it in to the power supply. Turn your computer on and if everything went well, your computer will boot up to the bios screen. Here you can verify the processor setting and adjust them if needed. Figure 3 Verify the CPU is recognized correctly by BIOS setup Courtesy: Course Technology/ Coinage Learning Memory Upgrade To upgrade memory means to add more RAM to a computer, Andrews, J, 2009. A person would do this to help the computer open programs faster or to help to make an unstable system more stable. You will not be able to install more memory than what the motherboard allows. This being said you will need to know your systems limits. You will need to shut down your computer and unplug it from the power source. Next, you should hold down the poser key to drain the system of all power. You can then open the computer case and locate you DIM slots and existing memory cards. Use a grounding bracelet to prevent a static discharge that could hurt the computer system. Next you need to release the clips that hold the memory in the DIM slots on the motherboard. You will remove the memory stick and look at it to determine what speed and what type of memory it is that is installed in your computer. You will then have to buy compatible memory to complete the upgrade if you dont already have it. Once you have it, you can proceed with installing the memory in your computer. When installing the new RAM use your thumbs to seat it in the motherboard. Pushing down with your thumb instead of other fingers to revert the stick going down at an angle is also a good rule of thumb, Steers, K. 2007. The memory stick will click in to place and be secured in the DIM slots. Make sure they are secured on both sides of the slots. You will then be able to close your computer case up. Plug your computer back in to the power source and turn the computer on. If done correctly your computer will open programs faster and be more stable. You can go to the task manager on the computer to check and see if the new RAM is all identified by the computer. If the computer is not recognizing the ram, follow the steps for removing the RAM. Instead of removing the RAM from the computer, look to see if it is all properly in place. Make sure that it is all properly seated and locked in place. Put the case back on and repeat the power up process to check it again. Figure 1 Comatose/Comatose/Getty Images Ensure youre using a hard drive compatible with your computer. Your computer hard drive is failing and making noises when you use your computer and you feel it is time for an upgrade. You ask yourself, how hard is it to change your hard drive in your desktop computer? It is a pretty easy task providing you have taken some time to prepare for the task at hand. One of the first things you want to do is to create an image of your current hard drive or save all of the files that you cannot afford to lose on an external storage device like a flash drive or CD room. This way when you have gotten your computer back up and running you have all of your information to put back on the new hard drive. Make sure that you have everything though because you might lose the information otherwise. Power off your computer, then locate the power switch on the back of your computer and flip it to Off, Hoffman, C. 2012. Unplug the unit from its power source and depress the power key for a few seconds o rural all AT ten power Trot ten system. You wall teen open your computer case Ana locate the hard drive to the front of the case. Figure 2 A PCs hard drive subsystem using parallel ATA Figure 2 A PCs hard drive subsystem using parallel ATA Unplug the cables that are attached to your hard drive. Next you will remove the two to four screws that are holding your hard drive in place in the tower. Remove the hard drive from its location and set it out of the way. You will then get your new hard drive out and slide it into the same location you Just removed your old one from. Secure it with the screws that you removed. According to Andrews 2010, muff must be able to securely mount the drive in the bay; the drive should not move when it is screwed down. Plug the cables back in to the back of the hard drive, close the case and proceed with normal power up procedures after plugging the system back in to the power source. Reinstall the operating system from the restore Cads that came with your computer. Section Five Installing 1/0 devices is a pretty common and easy task to do now days. All of the newly manufactured computers are color coded on the back of the computer. Figure 1 Back of computer Shut the power to the computer off. Then all you have to do is match the color or the plug with the color of the slot and plug them in. Then power up your computer and the plug and play will find and install the device properly. When installing a graphic card you have to have the computer unplugged and off. You will then remove the case of the computer and locate the existing graphic card. Put on an anti-static bracelet before touching anything inside of the computer. You will then remove the screws that are holding the graphic card in the computer. Next you will remove the card and push the new card into place and secure it with the screws from the old orphic card. Plug your computer in and insert the disk that came with the new card. Your computer will then install all of the right drives from the disk. To install multimedia devices on your computer you have several options. You can plug them in to your computer with the USB ports on the computer if the device has this option. Then you would configure it as above. If it requires to be installed inside the computer, you will have to shut the computer off and open the case. You will locate the appropriate slot on the mother board to connect your device. Secure the device with the screws and plug the cords in to the motherboard. Power up the computer and install the drivers for the device. Your upgrade is now complete. A mouse is a viable component of any computer. Without a mouse it is hard but, not impossible to navigate a computer. A mouse allows you to point and click on links for easier navigation. A mouse allows you to select certain points in a document in order to edit the information. In order to install a mouse on a computer you need to start by determining what type of mouse you want. You can get a traditional wired mouse that plugs in to the ASS port on the back of your computer. You could also get

NBA and NFL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

NBA and NFL - Essay Example A 17 weeks long season is run by the NFL starting from the week after the Labor Day to the week before Christmas. Each team in the league is allowed to have 53 players and only 46 of them are allowed to be active on the day of the game. Major differences exist between the NBA and NFL. First of all let’s start from the business perspective where the NFL is considered to be more profitable than the NBA. Although this may not seem important but it does give NBA’s owner some leverage. This may not make sense at first, however it is true. As the NFL is so successful, both the owners and the players may be missing huge profits, on missing every second season. However the NBA’s owner may not suffer much because the league is less profitable than NFL. Next is that the NBA’s player make more money than the NFL’s players. The calculated NBA’s player is 2.5 times more than the NFL’s player salary. This indicates that the NBA’s players are more desperate in getting their deals done, as they’ll me losing more money with every missed paycheck. When we combinethis leverage with the previous one, it seems that the owners are desperate to do anything for getting the dea l done for which the players sometimes need to make some major concessions. This is the reason why the NBA’s owner uses small tactics for ensuring their security in new NBA. There is no doubt about the fact that the average attendance of the matches of top five NBA’s team is 20,000 which is much more than the average attendance of NFL’s matches, around 4,000. This is the main reason that why the salaries of the NBA’s player is much more than NFL’s players. In fact the salaries of two average players at NBA may account for the salaries of all the NFL’s players. Another reason is that NBA is played in USA, therefore it grasp the attention of a much larger audience. Whereas, NBL is played in Australia; therefore its attendance are

Death of a Salesman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Death of a Salesman - Essay Example According to the study Charley who is Willy’s neighbor has been kind and generous enough to lend some money to him every other month so that the latter’s expenditures could be somehow or the other curtailed but Willy in all seriousness is too proud to agree to all this -- a job from him. This paper highlights that time is one such issue, which has been particularly taken care of here, and an effort is made to focus on the very problems that led to his untimely death at the hands of a suicide. Taking into perspective, his fight with loneliness, time and old age, he said, "After all the highways, and the trains, and the years, you end up worth more dead than alive. Also, the manner in which his son Biff has been talking to him of late concerning Willy’s brother’s death a while back, has made matters all the worse for Willy whereby by his standards, he has started to think that no one takes him seriously and everyone’s avoiding him due to one reason or the other. This forces him to give up his life and he seriously starts to think about it. In the end, he does so what he had planned and he gives up his life by hitting his car with a tree at full speed. He gives his life because his age cannot cope up with the changing tides of the time and hence he decides that he has got no role in this world, therefore, death is the only way out (of misery and loneliness).  

Progressive Era through the Great Depression Research Paper - 1

Progressive Era through the Great Depression - Research Paper Example Some of these include the end of American isolationism when it entered a war with Spain between 1895 and 1898, the moment when American women were given the right to vote in 1917, and America’s entry into the First World War in April 1917 (Stein, 2009). Other turning points were the stock market crash in October 29, 1929 which precipitated the Great Depression, the day when John Glenn became the first man to orbit the earth in 1962, America’s entry into the Vietnam War in 1959, and the passing of the Civil Rights Act in 1964 (Stein, 2009). In recent years, America has been transformed by the advent of personal computers in the 1980s and the terrorist attack in New York in 2001. Historical Events that shaped American Society The Revolutionary War and the Civil War each greatly affected the then young America (Stein, 2009). The revolutionary war guaranteed the nation’s sovereignty and the Civil War helped to enforce the significance of the federal government over t he state governments. When World War One ended more than two decades later, America was resentful for having been forced to use its resources to fight a war in which it had no spoils. This resulted in a re-newed focus on isolationism. This isolationism would cause America to stay out of the Second World War until its own shores were attacked by a member of the Axis powers. On discovering the atrocities visited on Europe’s Jews by Germany, America experienced a sense of guilt for maintaining its isolationist policy while Adolph Hitler executed millions of innocent human beings. This guilt would result in the US taking an active role in the affairs of other nations- thereby earning the moniker ‘the World’s policeman’. This involvement was evident in the creation of the United Nations, involvement in the Korean War, the many attempts to curb Communism, and the launch of the war against terror. America’s development of social security was another change that resulted the Great Depression; which proved to Americans that their economy would not always economy be on the rise. In the 60s, the social revolution caused by the civil rights movement forced America to examine race relations and look for ways to truly ensure that all citizens were treated equally. Why women earned the right to vote in the frontier states of the West before eastern and southern states It was in Wyoming where women were first given the right to vote. Soon, Utah, Colorado, and Idaho also allowed their women to vote. Wyoming’s reasons for allowing women to vote were not tied to any idealism but were rather aimed at curbing the existing shortage of women in the state. By ratifying this act, Wyoming hoped to draw more women. Another reason is that Western states were basically being created out of undeveloped woodlands. This called for all types of labor that could be availed. Women worked tirelessly in clearing woodlands and farming alongside the men. Thi s earned them a respect that was not enjoyed by their counterparts in eastern states. How women and minorities have changed American Culture In the past, most women and Minorities were openly discriminated against. Most of the time, they were given menial jobs at very low pay (Sage, 2010). There acceptance into the American mainstream workforce has resulted in the acceptance in American society that individuals should not be judged on the basis of their ethnicity

Pricing Strategy For Retail Leather Business

Pricing Strategy For Retail Leather Business 1. Executive Summary Pricing strategy is play very important role in any business and pricing is always based on the consumers perception .This research is based on the Pricing strategy of Leather Retail Business in Singapore this is my first step for having retail leather shop in Singapore. In this research the important to know what price range will make customer to buy leather products and to see gap or space in existing leather market. This paper investigates about the consumer preferred pricing for leather products- Handbags, Wallets, Jackets, Computer Bags, Mobile case , Shoes and belts and what price range they found product is Expensive and At what price range consumer think that product is cheap? These factors are very important to know about consumer pricing acceptance. Finally we have got consumer preferred price, expensive and cheap price also Research paper also investigates all the factors which are influencing consumer buying decision they are Price, Quantity, Brand and Country of Origin. We got that price is top most important factor for consumer in buying decision and Competitors Price offerings analysis shows that Store type Biz from home and Retail Leather store is much similar but store type Shopping Mall store is having high end products with high price. For this research, SPSS, Perceptual and excel is used to know about the difference between Consumer preferred price. Perceptual is used to know preferred leather product according to the consumer age and gender. SPSS for knowing the cluster of leather product so that can be used for offering packages on demand. Overall, Price is very important factor and there is gap between consumer preferred price and competitors offerings and there new store can enter in market for selling leather products in consumer preferred price. 1. Introduction An entrepreneurial venture I am going to practice is to step in, in the leather retail business. This dissertation is based on the Pricing strategy of Leather Retail Business in Singapore this start will help me to stand up on my own feet. Singapore is small place but It is known as shopping paradise for Singaporean and tourists also. All leather products are fashion symbol for teenager and youth generation in the world Singapore youths are also fond of leather products. In 2008-2009, each and every business was facing decline due to the global crisis and in that period Singapore recession started because of that people started buying only necessary things for them and they were less concerned about the fashion and style but From first Q1 of 2010 the shadow of global crisis started fading off and base on this I think Its right time to start Leather retail business .Leather products could never die although it might face difficulties, which is the part of business. Leather products will be purchased from wholesale leather industries, Dharavi, Mumbai. Dharavi is famous for selling all genuine leather products at cheap price. In order to move ahead with my plan, I have to make certain assumptions and get a fair idea of the market. For this, the group will be conducted a primary research on the local people on their desire to buy leather and their expectation from the leather product The details of overseas buyers/delegates who visited India during the three Indian International Leather Fairs in the last three years is given below: In which Singapore has entered in 2006-2008 It is taken from http://www.leatherindia.org/annexure Year Country Number of overseas Buyers 2005-06 Spain, Portugal, UK, Singapore, Oman Italy 14 2006-07 Italy, Romania, Turkey, Argentina, Mexico, UK, USA, Portugal, Philippines, Bangladesh, France, Germany, Vietnam, Mexico, Sri Lanka and South AfricaÂÂ   69 2007-08 Spain, Belgium, USA, Brazil, Brunei, Spain, Czech Rep, Netherlands, Ethiopia, Hong Kong, Israel, Kenya, Mexico, Nigeria, Namibia, UK, Romania, Poland, Finland, Colombia, Canada, South Africa, Turkey, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Uzbekistan Turkmenistan 116 In Singapore seems to be a considerable potential for the entry or expansion of specialized retail chains for leather retail business. Singapore is very small country and here market of any service or product gets saturated very rapidly but during my initial research shows that total 98 retail leather shops are available in the market but in 98 retail leather shops. 25 to 30 retail shops sell Branded leather like Gucci, Bulgary. 1.2 Singapore retail leather Market In Singapore seems to be a considerable potential for the entry or expansion of specialized retail chains for leather retail business. Singapore is very small country and here market of any service or product gets saturated very rapidly but during my initial research shows that total 98 retail leather shops are available in the market but in 98 retail leather shops. 40 retail shops sells Branded leather like Gucci, The Indian durable goods sector has seen the entry of a large number of foreign companies during the post liberalization period. A greater variety of consumer electronic items and household appliances became available to the Indian customer. Intense competition among companies to sell their brands provided a strong impetus to the growth for retailers doing business in this sector. Increasing household incomes due to better economic opportunities have encouraged consumer expenditure on leisure and personal goods in the country. B2B meetings between India exporters and over seas buyers. Changes in consumer needs, attitudes and behavior: The growth of modern leather retail is linked to consumer needs, attitudes and behavior. Rising income levels, education and global exposure have contributed to the evolution of the Singaporean middle class. As a result, purchasing and shopping habits have been inculcated and are increasing day by day. Historically, Singaporeans have been the ones to splurge on luxury items. Today, people are willing to try new things and look different, which has increased spending on fashion and beauty products apart from apparels, food and grocery items. 1.3 Competitors of Retail leather stores In Singapore many competitors are available but leather market is not saturated. Pls see below the list of Company Name who runs retails leather business in Singapore http://www.singaporebusinessguide.com/category/Leather_Goods.htm Here almost all retail leather shops are concentrating Leather wallets, Hand bags, key case, leather jackets and card holders and in the list few of company are selling all these above products but rest of them concentrating few product items and some of them concentrating on one product like only men belts and some only hand bags. I have visited retail store of Artisan where they sell all leather products. Pls see the below Pricing for some demanding products. In in leather industry Pricing is good factor in retail business and importantly if you are selling the product which you got in low price where Product has a high value so seller willingly sale product in good profit margin. Business strategy of selling product in low price which can be adopted , if you have enter in existing market where competitors are already gaining good profit margin so there differentiation can be made by selling product with low profit margin and make profit from selling large quantity. 1.4 Target Customer People who stays in Singapore Locals, PR or EP holders anyone who stays in Singapore and like to buy product with good quality in reasonable price. After recession hit in 2008 -people who were keen to buy branded products from showroom and malls are moving into this customer segment Customers are segregated according to their Monthly family Income and their buying behavior. Other factors will be their preference for any particular leather product and availability of the product 1.5 Literature Review (Pricing Strategy) 1.5.1 How Competitive Forces change strategy Price is big factor for buyers and sellers both in retail business. Typically in Singapore It is very much observed that People are more likely buy products where they get products in low price. And there is opportunity in retail leather market to have leather retail business with low business strategy. Michael E Porter Business strategy professor from Harvard Business School has written in his article How Competitive Forces change strategy The buyers are likely to shop for a favorable price and purchase their products 1.5.2 Empirical Analysis of Determinants of Retailer Pricing Strategy Author Venkatesh Shanker and Ruth N Boltan has given their point of view for An Empirical Analysis of Determinants of Retailer Pricing Strategy where they investigated the other determinants of pricing strategy for retail business and how price coordination and relative price and chain factors in retailer pricing . And these outputs are derived from a simultaneous equation model and how it is underlying dimensions of retailers pricing strategies and that are influenced by some pricing dimensions and following are the These four pricing dimensions are statistically related First Competitors price and deal frequency), Second Storability and necessity ,Third Chain positioning and size , Fourth Store size and assortment ,Fifth Brand preference and advertising and Sixth Price and deal elasticity These findings are very useful to retailers profiling alternative pricing strategies. Author Scott Alen has put some light on the point that How much should product and service be charged? How product positioning should be placed and is pricing going to be key part of that positioning? The product positioning has to be consistent with positioning because people really want to get in return same or above what they pay for. Pricing is also aferct demand because of that you have to do basic research so need to make simple questionnaire and asking them At what price they would like to buy that product and service ? even this sole practitioner will give basic curve that says that at X price, Y percentage people will buy. Author Deloitte has emphasized main challenge of retail business is setting up an accurate base price for a product. Price is important to draw the customer and generate the sale margin Market basket analysis should be done and we can identify an optimal base price using measurement tool like Price elasticity. This can be done by doing compare a series of price points and determining a price which generates the good gross sales margin. The past data of the product should be assessed to come up with the best base price for the market. Retailers will be prevented stock shortages and minimized unplanned clearance markdowns by selecting the optimal price This method or strategy will ensure price image remains fix and consistent to the customer and it will enable retailers to increase sales and inventory turns. Existing leather 1.6 Area of concern: It is necessary to set Price of Product while entering existing market. First step will be decide the price and look into the availability of leather products in different mediums. According to my analysis of counting Leather shops from different categories. Currently 26 retail local leather shops which is different from Branded leather shops, 63 branded shops and approximately local online shops are 15. Singapore is very small country so market of any product gets saturated and there are direct competitors who are selling all types of leather products It will be challenge for new entrant to enter in existing market, stay in the market and plan for growth of the business. 1.8 Research Problem: This market research is the function which connects the consumer and customer in the public. Market research result is used to get an idea of identity and information is used to identify and decide opportunities and problems in the market for evaluating and refining marketing situation also observing market behavior and performance. This will improve the understanding of the marketing in and out Market Research emphasis the data collection process and analyze the results and after that collected findings should be used for their implications. It is related with problem solving methods and the technique for getting idea to how to solve the problems. To understand the unpredictable consumer buying behavior and analyze this problem and make attempt to offset this. People sometimes have perception high quality means high price. Require to segregate the pricing strategy to avoid the product price perception. Product selection is required according to the demand of Singaporeans like Mens Accessories, Women Accessories, Shoes and Leather Jackets etc and according to the demand of Singapore people. To understand the Competitors Pricing strategy analysis for their products and then different products with different price range. This research should be niche to find the competitors pricing strategy 1.7 Objective of the Study: Price of any product or service is always play very important role and this need to explore the opportunities for entering new retail store in existing leather market of Singapore by applying pricing strategy. Research of the competitors products price and how pricing impact on Consumer buying decision. To determine demographic segment of the existing leather products consumers and how each segment behave differently Verify the preferred pricing for all leather products according to consumer point of view Identifying the price of leather products where consumer think that products are expensive and cheap Verify competitors price offerings 2. Methodology 2.1 Data Collection: The primary data has been collected from the 81 people who have contributed in Survey questionnaire form created for doing analysis on my research topic. Data collection is done with gender wise and according to the monthly income range and age to get a better idea from different view of consumer by knowing their demographic angle. Competitors data collection based on the price offering of competitors to the consumer and the type of stores like, Shopping Mall, Retail shop or business from home . Sample size was 81 for survey questionnaire of consumer and Competitors data collection sample size is 24 2.2 Data Analysis: Perceptual Analysis is used to see leather product Handbags, Wallets, Jackets, Computer bag, Mobile case, shoes and belts preference according to the gender wise. Female preference for leather products and Male preference for leather products. SPSS tool has been used for performing for cluster analysis to know the combination of leather products and frequency analysis to get details of frequency of using leather products. Excel is also used for getting difference between expensive price compare to preferred price and getting the details of variation of Expensive, preferred and cheap price. 2.2.1 Demographic analysis Demographic analysis has been used to segregate data with different available basic parameters of consumers. Age, Gender, Monthly Income, Nationality, Using leather products and frequency of purchasing leather products 2.2.2 Perceptual Analysis Perceptual analysis has been used to see the different variables position. There are 7 types of leather products Handbags, Wallets, Jackets, Computer bag, Mobile case, Shoes and belts. Analysis is based on according to different age group and gender. 2.2.3 Frequency Analysis Frequency analysis has been used to see frequency of preferred variable and differentiate variables preference. This analysis has helped to find out buying influenced factors Price, Quality, Brand and country of origin. 2.2.4 Cluster Analysis Cluster Analysis has been used to see possible cluster from available all leather products. Available products for this analysis Handbags, Wallets, Jackets, Computer bags , Mobile case, shoes and belts. 2.2.5 Price Segmentation analysis Price Segmentation analysis has been used to see variance among acceptance category given in primary data by consumer. There are 3 categories available Expensive, Preferred and Cheap. After this check the difference between Expensive to preferred to see which price will be suitable for consumer 3. Results and Interpretation 3.1. Demographic Analysis Result 3.1.1 Age Result Finding and Interpretation: There are 5 categories of age range Sample size is 81, 55% from 81 response is from age range 25-35 and second highest is from age range 35-45 3.1.2 Nationality Result findings and Interpretation First analysis of Nationality of all 81 responses shows that there are 4 categories in which first highest one is Indian having 51.9% and second one is Singaporean 35.8% , 8.6% Malay and 3.7% of others. This research according to this findings is more based on Indian and Singaporean. 1.3 Gender Result findings and Interpretation This demographic analysis is showing that in 81 responses Male are having 61.7 % and female are having 38.3% that means preference of leather products of male is more prominent research compare to female 3.1.4 Income Range- Singapore Dollar Result findings and Interpretation This demographic analysis is very important to know the monthly income range of taken 81 responses for this research as it is based on pricing. 27% is 10001 to 12500 and second one is 12501 to 15000 and 3.1.5 At present Using in Leather Products Result findings and interpretations This analysis is showing that 88.9% is already using leather products means they are already associated with their choice of leather goods and their price so following analysis is useful to get impact of their products choice of purchased leather product and what exactly they are looking for it. 11.1% are not using leather product and the following analysis will tell us about their preference which makes them to buy leather product 3.1.6 Leather Product Purchasing Frequency Result findings One time in a year is captured first place 22.22% from 81 responses and second place there are two categories one is 2 times in year and another is 1 time in a year . I interpret that Yearly frequency has captured more % then monthly because leather product are not essential product. Interpretations 3.1.7 Preferred Store type for Leather products shopping Result findings This analysis is saying that 51.9% from 81 responses prefer to buy from Retail local shop in compare to Mall or online. I interpret that people like to buy from retail shop compare to Mall Branded shop or online shopping. 3.2 Clustering of leather products Result findings. There are 7 clusters for leather products shoes, belts, wallets, Computer bags, Mobile case, Handbags and Jackets. Belts and shoes is one good cluster and another one is computer bag and Mobile case. Interpretations: Belts and shoes are having very good relation in buyers point of view if anyone likes shoes so in same manner he will like belts also . Seller can sell them as a package and same for the Computer bags and Mobile case 3.3 Perceptual Analysis 3.3.1 .Male Preference of Products with different Age Range Result findings This analysis is based on leather products preference according to their age group Male only. There are 6 categories Teen : 45yrs and 1- handbags, 2- wallets, 3- Jackets, 4- Computer bags, 5- Mobile Case, 6- Shoes and 7- Belts Interpretations: Male Adults and Male Teen they both like 4 Computer bags more and Male Young Adult prefer more shoes then other products and Aged like Wallets and Mid Aged male like Jackets and mobile case 3.3.2 Female Preference of Products with different Age Range Result findings This analysis is based on leather products preference according to their age group Male only. There are 6 categories Teen : 45yrs and 1- handbags, 2- wallets, 3- Jackets, 4- Computer bags, 5- Mobile Case, 6- Shoes and 7- Belts Interpretations Female teens like no 2 Wallets, female young Adults like belts compare to other leather products and female aged like Jackets, mid aged adult and adult like Handbags and shoes but Female mid aged adult like more Handbags and shoes compare to Adult female 3.4 Leather products preferred price 3.4.1 Handbags preferred/expensive/cheap Difference between Expensive and preferred price range Result findings and interpretaion In the above 2 charts X axis is Number of response and Y axis is the mean of selected Price range. This analysis is done to check the variation of 81 people responses regarding their preferred price for Handbags, expensive price according to people and cheap price and difference between the people preferred and expensive pricing. People preferred price range are bit low or sometime as same as expensive price and from this we can interpretate that people will like to buy handbags if it is bit expensive 3.4.2 Wallets preferred/expensive/cheap Difference Between Expensive and Prefered Result findings and interpretation In the above 2 charts X axis is Number of response and Y axis is the mean of selected Price range. This analysis is done to check the variation of 81 people responses regarding their preferred price for Wallets, expensive price according to people and cheap price and difference between the people preferred and expensive pricing. According to this analysis output People preferred price range are low from expensive price so we can interpret that people will like to buy Wallets in their preferred price and do not like to pay more 3.4.3 Jacket preferred/expensive/cheap Difference Result findings and interpretations In the above 2 charts X axis is Number of response and Y axis is the mean of selected Price range. This analysis is done to check the variation of 81 people responses regarding their preferred price for Jackets, expensive price according to people and cheap price and difference between the people preferred and expensive pricing. According to this analysis output People preferred price range are low from expensive price so we can interpret that people will like to buy Jackets in their preferred price and do not like to pay more 3.4.4 Computer Bag preferred/expensive/cheap Difference Result findings and interpretation In the above 2 charts X axis is Number of response and Y axis is the mean of selected Price range. This analysis is done to check the variation of 81 people responses regarding their preferred price for Computer bags , expensive price according to people and cheap price and difference between the people preferred and expensive pricing. People preferred price range are bit low or sometime as same as expensive price and from this we can interpret that people will like to buy Computer bags if it is bit expensive but still they are very few in compare to all 81 responses. 3.4.5 Mobile Case preferred/expensive/cheap Difference Result findings and interpretation In the above 2 charts X axis is Number of response and Y axis is the mean of selected Price range. This analysis is done to check the variation of 81 people responses regarding their preferred price for Mobile case, expensive price according to people and cheap price and difference between the people preferred and expensive pricing. People preferred price range are visibly low compare to expensive price and from this we can interpret that people will like to buy Mobile case if it is provided in their preferred price range 3.4.6 Shoes preferred/expensive/cheap Difference Result findings and interpretation In the above 2 charts X axis is Number of response and Y axis is the mean of selected Price range. This analysis is done to check the variation of 81 people responses regarding their preferred price for Shoes, expensive price according to people and cheap price and difference between the people preferred and expensive pricing. According to this analysis output People preferred price range are low from expensive price so we can interpret that people will like to buy Shoes in their preferred price and do not like to pay more 3.4.7 Belts preferred/expensive/cheap Difference Result findings and interpretation In the above 2 charts X axis is Number of response and Y axis is the mean of selected Price range. This analysis is done to check the variation of 81 people responses regarding their preferred price for Belts, expensive price according to people and cheap price and difference between the people preferred and expensive pricing. People preferred price range are bit low or sometime as same as expensive price and from this we can interpret that people will like to buy Belts if it is given in their preferred price range 3.5 Influence factors of Buying 3.5.1 Price-Buying Influence Factor Result findings Result findings are 55.6% responses is said that Price is Most important factor for them for buying leather product and 21% is said that price is very important factor and for 9.9% it is less important, 6.2% it is very less important and 7.4 it not at all important factor for buying and leather products Interpretations More than 50% of responses are saying that Price is Most important factor for them to buy any leather product and 21% are saying Price is very important factor so cumulative 72% out of 100% is saying Price is important factor 3.5.2 Quality-Buying Influence Factor Result findings Result findings are 44.4% responses is said that Quality is Most important factor for them for buying leather product and 25.9 % is said that Quality is very important factor and for 3.7% it is less important, 11.1% it is very less important and 14.4% it not at all important factor for buying and leather products Interpretations More than 44.4% of responses are saying that Quality is Most important factor for them to buy any leather product and 25.9% are saying Quality is very important factor so cumulative 70% out of 100% is saying Quality is important factor 3.5.3 Brand-Buying Influence Factor Result findings Result findings are 3.7% responses is said that Brand is Most important factor for them for buying leather product and 29.6% is said that Brand is very important factor and for 48.1% it is less important, 11.1% it is very less important and 7.4 it not at all important factor for buying and leather products Interpretations More than 48.1 % of responses are saying that Brand is less important factor for them to buy any leather product, 11.1% are saying Brand is very less important factor and 7.4% is saying it is not at all important so cumulative 67% out of 100% is saying Brand is not much important factor for them for buying leather products 5.4 Country Origin-Buying Influence Factor Result findings Result findings are 11.1% responses is said that Country of origin is Most important factor for them for buying leather product and 18.52% is said that Country of origin is very important factor and for 18.52% it is less important, 25.93% it is very less important and 25.93% it not at all important factor for buying and leather products Interpretations More than 18.52 % of responses are saying that Country of origin is less important factor for them to buy any leather product, 25.93% are saying Country of origin is very less important factor and 25.93% is saying it is not at all important so cumulative 70% out of 100% is saying Country of origin is not much important factor for them for buying leather products 6.Competitive Analysis 6.1 Types of Stores Research Findings and Interpretations Sample size is 24 stores and 45.8% from 24 is Retail shop and 37.5 from shopping mall and 16.7% Biz from home . Analysis is for all these 3 store types is to know about the pricing offering for leather products 6.2 Handbags Price Range Handbags- Biz from Home Handbags- Shopping Mall Handbags- Retail Store Result findings and Interpretation Store Type Biz from home 27% selling handbags at $1 to $150 price range and 73% at $151 to $300 and Store type Shopping Mall 70% selling handbags at $151 to $300 and 30% $301 to $450 and Store Type Retail 45% selling handbags at $1 to $150 price range and 55% at $151 to $300. According to these findings I interpret that retail store are selling balance price range products and Shopping mall starting range is bit high compare to retail store and biz from home 6.3 Wallets Price Range Wallets-Biz from Home Wallets- Shopping Mall Wallets- Retail Store Result findings and Interpretation Store Type Biz from home 75% selling Wallets at $1 to $100 price range and 25% at $101 to $200 and Store type Shopping Mall 70% selling wallets at $201 to $300 and 30% $301 and above and Store Type Retail 35% selling wallets at $1 to $100 price range and 65% at $101 to $200. According to these findings I interpret that retail store biz from home are selling at low price range products and Shopping mall starting range is bit high compare to retail store and biz from home 6.3 Jackets Price Range Jackets-Biz from Home Jackets- Shopping Mall Jackets- Retail Store Result findings and Interpretation Store Type Biz from home 50% selling Jackets at $1 to $150 price range and 50% at $151 to $300 and Store type Shopping Mall 55% selling Jackets at $151 to $300 and 45% $301 to $450 and Store Type Retail 20% selling Jackets at $1 to $150 price range and 80% at $151 to $300. According to these findings I interpret that Biz from home store type are selling balance price range products 6.4 Computer bags Price Range Computer Bag-Biz from Home Computer bags- Shopping Mall Compbags- Retail Store Result findings and Interpretation Store Type Biz from home 75% selling Computer bags at $1 to $200 price range and 25% at $201 to $400 and Store type Shopping Mall 30% selling Computer bags at $201 to $400 and 70% $401 to $600 and Store Type Retail 25% selling Computer bags at $1 to $200 price range and 75% at $201 to $400. According to these findings I interpret that retail store are selling balance price range products and Shopping mall starting range is bit high compare to

Cocaine and the Brain: The Neurobiology of Addiction Essay -- Biology

Cocaine and the Brain: The Neurobiology of Addiction In the eyes of the public, the word addict stirs up a negative image: a person of low moral character who willfully chooses to engage in questionable behavior. This image is perpetuated in the media; on a recent episode of E.R., the chief surgeon criticizes another doctor for allowing a heroin addict (who has been treated for an abscess) to exchange a dirty needle, explaining "we donà ¢t want these low-lives hanging around the hospital." The social stigma attached to addicts reflects the great gap that exists between scientific knowledge and public perception of addiction. Just as mental illness was viewed as a social problem instead of a medical issue until the last several decades, drug addiction continues to be seen as a character flaw instead of as the biological problem that it is. As defined by the American Psychiatric Association, addiction is a "chronically relapsing disorder that is characterized by three major elements: (a) compulsion to seek and take the drug, (b) loss of control in limiting intake, and (c) emergence of a negative emotional state when access to the drug is prevented" (1). This disorder results from the repeated use of a drug over a prolonged period of time, causing physical changes in the brain. Perhaps the most addictive of drugs is cocaine. Cocaine acts on the mesoaccumbens dopamine (DA) pathway of the midbrain, extending from the ventral tegumental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens (NAc). (2). This pathway is also known as the reward pathway as it is the area of the brain that is activated when someone has a pleasurable experience such as eating, sex, or receiving praise. (NOTE: The reward pathway was discovered through the technique of... ...se%2fform%2facademic%2fs_genjourn_more.html%25a3AD_FORM%25a4s_genjourn%25a3T1%25a4cocaine%20addiction%25a3S1%25a4Title%25a3S2%25a4AND%25a3T2%25a4Morris%2c%20Kelly%25a3S3%25a4author%25a3S4%25a4AND%25a3T3%25a4%25a3S5%25a4Title%25a3date%25a4AFT%25a3after%25a45%3aYR%25a3frm_rng%25a4%25a3to_rng%25a4%25a3srccat%25a4GENMED%3bALLJNL%25a3source%25a4$srccat%25a3pubtitle%25a4%22The%20Lancet%22%25a3srclf%25a4%25a3srclf_group%25a4%25a3srclf_title%25a4%25a3&wchp=dGLSzS-lSlAl&_md5=9d45ca951ebfccd3b6596b38d0b83ce7 19) Combining Drug Counseling Methods Proves Effective in Treating Cocaine Addiction , Information on drug counseling http://www.nida.nih.gov/NIDA_Notes/NNVol14N5/Combining.html 20) Coping Skills Help Patients Recognize and Resist the Urge to Use Cocaine , Information on therapy for cue-induced relapse http://www.nida.nih.gov/NIDA_Notes/NNVol13N6/Coping.html

A Creation of Motivation in Life

There are many ways to motivate or de-motivate yourself or your employees. You could look at the motivation perspective from an individual or from a whole groups point of view. I will give examples of both by showing charts, lists, and other information that will tell you how to set goals for motivating yourself and your company†s employees. Motivating yourself is the first step you need to take. Everyone has different things that motivate them. This needs to be kept in mind when thinking about how to motivate others or when trying to come up with situations that will motivate others. Things that motivate you may or may not motivate another person. For instance people like knowing what is expected of them everyday, so try to apply it to your employees, but don†t force what motivates you on them. The next thing you can do is create a motivation file. This is for people that are critics or a creative leader. â€Å"A creative leader goes to the same conference as ordinary people, but in the first hour sees twenty ways the registration could have been done better, the speaker could have presented more effectively, or the doughnuts could have been distributed more efficiently.†(1) Being this way can be a de-motivator if you don†t know how to handle it. Because â€Å"Criticism is de-motivating. A habit of criticism will create a leak in a leader†s motivation reservoir†(1) This will soon turn into all criticism and no motivation. The motivation you have personally has all gone away. Creating a motivation file will help combat this tendency. â€Å"Each time you see another person – a pastor, denominational leader, educator, missionary, anyone – doing something dumb or omitting something important write it down starting with ‘I would.†Ã¢â‚¬ (1) Put yourself in their shoes and say ‘I would do this better† and then write what ever comes to your mind down. You have now helped yourself and created a motivation file. â€Å"You have â€Å"shifted from outward-directed criticism about things you can†t change, to inward-directed ideas where you might do something some day.†(1) This is why you create your motivational file. Reasons for using a motivation file: 1) Having a motivation file can help you get a job. As many times you have said to yourself this is what I would do you finally get confident. So when you are on your next job interview you can share with the boss some of your ideas. 2) Your friend gets one of your â€Å"Motivation File† jobs. An employee comes to you with a problem on getting motivated for a job. You can pull out your file and be able to give them a answer that you are confident with. 3) It can help you hire a new staff member. You are asked to hire a motivational speaker for your employees that you manage. You are prepared to ask the right questions that you think should be covered in the interview. 4) Someone else comes to ask you for advice. The things they ask might not be in your motivational file but you can improvise. This will help your friend or family member out and ad a new subject on to your motivation file. If you create a motivation file in your head you will benefit yourself. This way is not as effective, but you will redirect some of that negative criticism into personal motivation that you can later use. De-motivators are all throughout the work force. If you have a good idea on what some of these things might be, then you can start to eliminate them. The first thing you need to do is ask your employees what they would change in the organization to help better motivate them. The second thing you need to do is look at your employees as human beings. You must remember that they also want to succeed and strive for improvement in their field. Here is a list of de-motivators that might be within your organization. 1) Create an atmosphere full of company politics. 2) Develop unclear expectations regarding your employees' performance. 3) Create many unnecessary rules for employees to follow. 4) Plan unproductive meetings for employees to attend. 5) Promote internal competition between employees. 6) Withhold information critical for employees to perform their work. 7) Provide criticism instead of constructive comments. 8) Tolerate poor performance so your high performing employees feel taken advantage of.(2) After you have focused on identifying these problems then you need to change the organization around into a positive work environment. Remember that (a negative manager motivates employees by appealing to their fear, and a positive manager motivates employees by tapping into their potential.) (3) Here is a list of things that you can change in your organization to better motivate your employees. 1) If your employees do routine work, add some fun and variety to their routine. 2) Provide employees with input and choice in how they do their work. 3) Encourage responsibility and leadership opportunities within your company. 4) Promote social interaction and teamwork between employees. 5) Tolerate learning errors by avoiding harsh criticism. 7) Develop goals and challenges for all employees. 9) Make appreciation part of your repertoire. 10) Develop measurement that shows performance increase.(2) Motivation is hard to come by if you company climate is bad. Think back when someone, a teacher, a parent, and a minister, so on motivated you. They made you feel that you were doing something important and you wanted to succeed in whatever you were doing. Throughout that you had positive thoughts. This is one of the six things you need to have to get a positive climate that will motivate your employees. When ever you are trying to create a motivational climate keep these six things in mind. When you attain your goals, attain your goals, advertise your success. Thank individuals for the success of the group. Smile. Your enjoyment will be contagious. Demonstrate your pleasure when people and the team succeed. Build in enjoyable, social, activities so everyone enjoys themselves having coffee or lunch together. Ask people for their opinions. Listen intently to what they say. Consider their thoughts carefully. Give credit when you see somebody†s idea. Set clear, reasonable goals with the group. Make certain that stakeholders help set goals and agree to them. When you attain your goals, advertise your success. Thank individuals for contributing to the group. Identify how you can personally gain from an activity. Set this as a goal. Keep it in your mind. Identify your success. If you don†t succeed, identify why – so you will know what to do to succeed next time. Plan your messages. Take time to ensure you are communicating clearly. Check with others to ensure they understand.(4) Another way to motivate employees is to give them inspiration. Make them feel like they are there own bosses. You as the supervisor can use these five things to inspire and motivate your employees to succeed with in their own company. 1) Seeking and Using Employee†s ideas: To feel †¦ a part of the †¦ business and to be give an incentive, each employee must understand that he is free to contribute ideas. Management must encourage employee ideas and provide the necessary mechanism for obtaining them. (5) Successful managers create good attitudes by keeping employees well informed of business affairs through bulletin board, employee newsletter, or individual notices, and staff meetings. 3) Expressing personal interest in employees: Managers should be able to privately sit down with employees to discuss both business and personal matters. Managers should show appreciation by complimenting the employee for work done well. The supervisor provides the link between management and subordinates. He is the spokesman for his workers, which entails motivating and informing employees of responsibilities. Throughout this paper a motivation file has been talked about that can help benefit yourself. Things that de-motivate your employees were also listed which don†t need to go unrecognized. Also things that increase the motivation in your employees and will help in their insinuative to work and succeed throughout the company.

Social Constructionism Definition

Social Constructionism Definition Social constructionism is the theory that people develop knowledge of the world in a social context, and that much of what we perceive as reality depends on shared assumptions. From a social constructionist perspective, many things we take for granted and believe are objective reality are actually socially constructed, and thus, can change as society changes. Key Takeaways: Social Constructionism The theory of social constructionism states that meaning and knowledge are socially created.Social constructionists believe that things that are generally viewed as natural or normal in society, such as understandings of gender, race, class, and disability, are socially constructed, and consequently aren’t an accurate reflection of reality.Social constructs are often created within specific institutions and cultures and come to prominence in certain historical periods. Social constructs’ dependence of historical, political, and economic conditions can lead them to evolve and change. Origins The theory of social constructionism was introduced in the 1966 book The Social Construction of Reality, by sociologists Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckman. Berger and Luckman’s ideas were inspired by a number of thinkers, including Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and George Herbert Mead. In particular, Meads theory symbolic interactionism, which suggests that social interaction is responsible for the construction of identity, was highly influential. In the late 1960s, three separate intellectual movements came together to form the foundation of social constructionism. The first was an ideological movement that questioned social realities and put a spotlight on the political agenda behind such realities. The second was a literary/rhetorical drive to deconstruct language and the way it impacts our knowledge of reality. And the third was a critique of scientific practice, led by Thomas Kuhn, who argued that scientific findings are influenced by, and thus representative of, the specific communities where theyre produced- rather than objective reality. Social Constructionism Definition The theory of social constructionism asserts that all meaning is socially created. Social constructs might be so ingrained that they feel natural, but they are not. Instead, they are an invention of a given society and thus do not accurately reflect reality. Social constructionists typically agree on three key points: Knowledge Is Socially Constructed Social constructionists believe that knowledge arises out of human relationships. Thus, what we take to be true and objective is the result of social processes that take place in historical and cultural contexts. In the realm of the sciences, this means that although truth can be achieved within the confines of a given discipline, there is no over-arching truth that is more legitimate than any other. Language Is Central to Social Construction Language abides by specific rules, and these rules of language shape how we understand the world. As a result, language isn’t neutral. It emphasizes certain things while ignoring others. Thus, language constrains what we can express as well as our perceptions of what we experience and what we know. Knowledge Construction Is Politically-Driven The knowledge created in a community has social, cultural, and political consequences. People in a community accept and sustain the community’s understanding of particular truths, values, and realities. When new members of a community accept such knowledge, it extends even further. When a community’s accepted knowledge becomes policy, ideas about power and privilege in the community become codified. These socially constructed ideas then create social reality, and- if they aren’t examined- begin to seem fixed and unchangeable. This can lead to antagonistic relationships between communities that don’t share the same understanding of social reality. Social Constructionism vs. Other Theories Social constructionism is often placed in contrast with biological determinism. Biological determinism suggests that an individuals traits and behavior are determined exclusively by biological factors. Social constructionism, on the other hand, emphasizes the influence of environmental factors on human behavior and suggests that relationships among people create reality. In addition, social constructionism should not be confused with constructivism. Social constructivism is the idea that an individuals interactions with her environment create the cognitive structures that enable her to understand the world. This idea is often traced back to developmental psychologist Jean Piaget. While the two terms spring from different scholarly traditions, they are increasingly used interchangeably. Critiques Some scholars believe that, by asserting that knowledge is socially constructed and not the result of observations of reality, social constructionism is anti-realist. Social constructionism is also criticized on grounds of relativism. By arguing that no objective truth exists and that all social constructions of the same phenomena are equally legitimate, no construct can be more legitimate than another. This is especially problematic in the context of scientific research. If an unscientific account about a phenomenon is considered as legitimate as empirical research about that phenomenon, there is no clear path forward for research to make a meaningful impact on society. Sources Andrews, Tom. â€Å"What is Social Constructionism?† Grounded Theory Review: An International Journal, vol. 11, no. 1, 2012. http://groundedtheoryreview.com/2012/06/01/what-is-social-constructionism/Berger, Peter L. and Thomas Luckman. The Social Construction of Reality. Doubleday/Anchor, 1966.Chu, Hyejin Iris. â€Å"Social Constructionism.† International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Encyclopedia.com. 2008. https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/sociology-and-social-reform/sociology-general-terms-and-concepts/social-constructionismGalbin, Alexandra. â€Å"An Introduction to Social Constructionism.† Social Research Reports, vol. 26, 2014, pp. 82-92. https://www.researchreports.ro/an-introduction-to-social-constructionismGergen, Kenneth J. â€Å"The Self as Social Construction.† Psychological Studies, vol. 56, no. 1, 2011, pp. 108-116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12646-011-0066-1Hare, Rachel T. and Jeanne Marecek. â€Å"Abnormal and Cli nical Psychology: The Politics of Madness.† Critical Psychology: An Introduction, edited by Dennis Fox and Isaac Prilleltensky, Sage Publications, 1999, pp. 104-120. Kang, Miliann, Donovan Lessard, Laura Heston, and Sonny Nordmarken. Introduction to Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies. University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries, 2017. https://press.rebus.community/introwgss/front-matter/287-2/â€Å"Social Constructionism.† Oxford Reference. oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100515181

Alexander Bain and the First Fax

Alexander Bain and the First Fax Faxing is by definition a method of encoding data, transmitting it over a ​telephone line or radio broadcast, and receiving a hard copy of the text, line drawings, or photographs at a remote location. The technology for fax machines was invented a long time. However, fax machines did not become popular with consumers until the 1980s. Alexander Bain The first fax machine was invented by Scottish mechanic and inventor Alexander Bain. In 1843, Alexander Bain received a British patent for â€Å"improvements in producing and regulating electric currents and improvements in timepieces and in electric printing and signal telegraphs†, in laymens terms a fax machine. Several years earlier, Samuel Morse had invented the first successful telegraph machine and the fax machine closely evolved from the technology of the telegraph. The earlier telegraph machine sent Morse code (dots and dashes) over telegraph wires that was decoded into a text message at a remote location. More About Alexander Bain Bain was a  Scottish  philosopher and  educationalist  in the  British school of empiricism  and a prominent and innovative figure in the fields of  psychology,  linguistics,  logic,  moral philosophy  and  education reform. He founded  Mind, the first ever journal of psychology and analytical philosophy, and was the leading figure in  establishing  and applying the  scientific method  to  psychology. Bain was the inaugural  Regius Chair  in Logic and  Professor of Logic  at the  University of Aberdeen, where he also held Professorships in  Moral Philosophy  and  English Literature  and was twice elected  Lord Rector. How Did Alexander Bains Machine Work? Alexander Bains fax machine transmitter scanned a flat metal surface using a stylus mounted on a pendulum. The stylus picked up images from the metal surface. An amateur clockmaker, Alexander Bain combined parts from clock mechanisms together with telegraph machines to invent his fax machine. Fax Machine History Many inventors after Alexander Bain, worked hard on inventing and improving fax machine type devices. Here is a brief timeline: In 1850, a London inventor named F. C. Blakewell received a patent what he called a copying telegraph.In 1860, a fax machine called the Pantelegraph sent the first fax between Paris and Lyon. The Pantelegraph was invented ​by Giovanni Caselli.In 1895, Ernest Hummel a watchmaker from St. Paul, Minnesota invented his competing device called the Telediagraph.In 1902, Dr. Arthur Korn invented an improved and practical fax, the photoelectric system.In 1914, Edouard Belin established the concept of the remote fax for photo and news reporting.In 1924, the telephotography machine (a type of fax machine) was used to send political convention photos long distance for newspaper publication. It was developed by the American Telephone Telegraph Company (ATT) worked to improve telephone fax technology.By 1926, RCA invented the Radiophoto that faxed by using radio broadcasting technology.In 1947, Alexander Muirhead invented a successful fax machine.On March 4, 1955, the first radio fax tran smission was sent across the continent.

The Buzzword of Todays Business Environment Essay

The Buzzword of Todays Business Environment - Essay Example Glueck (1988) defines strategy as a â€Å"unified, comprehensive and integrated plan, relating the strategic advantages of the firm to the challenges of the environment. It is designed to ensure that the basic objectives of the enterprise are achieved.† Johnson & Scholes (1993) effectively summarized all the features of strategy as "the direction and scope of the organization over the long term: ideally which matches its resources to its changing environment and in particular its markets, customers, or clients so as to meet stakeholder expectations." The above definitions point out that strategy is a plan that ties all the parts of the enterprise together, covers all major aspects of the enterprise and all parts of the plan are compatible with each other and fit together well. Wheelen & Hunger (2003) describe strategic management as â€Å"that set of managerial decisions and actions that determine the long run performance of a corporation. It includes environmental scanning (both external and internal), strategy formulation (strategic or long-range planning), strategy implementation and evaluation and control.† Strategic management is defined by Chandler (1971) as â€Å"the determination of basic long-term goals and objectives of an enterprise and adoption of course of action and allocation of resources necessary to carry out these goals.† 3. The positioning school - The thoughts were heavily influenced by the ideas of Michael Porter and emphasize that strategy depends on the positioning of the firm in the market and within its industry. 10. The configuration school- The school opines that strategy is a process of transforming the organization and describing the relative stability of strategy, interrupted by occasional and dramatic leaps to new ones. In the early 1980s, Peters & Waterman (1982) developed the McKinsey 7S framework.  

A Constitution and bylaws for a fictional church Research Paper

A Constitution and bylaws for a fictional church - Research Paper Example It will bear full control over all purchases and leases and to hold all mortgages with the right to dispose of property and assets [c] A reception for new members shall be held on a Sunday appointed by the board of Elders and Deacons for their admission to the church and recognition of all of their rights, privileges and responsibilities to the church. Section V11: The church membership list shall be reviewed before each Annual General Meeting to determine those members who have become inactive by the Board of Elders and Deacons. Any members who are regularly attending another church or who have not supported the church in the preceding twelve months may be placed on an inactive list and notified of this action, by the Pastor, at their last known address. Inactive members shall not be eligible to vote in church matters or receive a letter of transfer. [a] If they have abided by the rules in Article 1V, sections 2a to 2g and requested a letter of transfer. Such letter will be sent by the Clerk of the Church to the Church to which the members has applied. [b] Any member may, for whatever reason, apply to the board of Elders and Deacons to have their name taken from the list of members, without prejudice, and this request will be reviewed by the board of Elders and Deacons. [c] After a review by the board of Elders and Deacons and a vote of the church, a membership may be terminated for behavior regarded as not being in the best interest of the church or against the rules and regulations set out in this constitution. Pastor:[a1] It is the duty of the pastor to conduct all public Public Services of Worship. To perform Baptisms and Communion and all other ministry functions. He will be the leader of his congregation and visit the sick and aged. He will sit on all boards and committees of the church and have full access to all church records upon request. The Pastor will head the Pastors council. [a4] The pastors position may